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Descriptive Statements:
- Demonstrate knowledge of various theories of development and the characteristics, processes, and variations of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and language development from early childhood throughout young adulthood.
- Recognize environmental factors that influence children's development, the effects of these factors on children's attitudes and behavior, and ways in which development in any one domain may affect children's development and performance in other domains.
- Apply knowledge of various exceptionalities and health conditions and their implications for students' development and learning.
- Apply knowledge of behaviors that help enhance the physical and emotional health of students at different stages of development, and strategies for promoting growth and development throughout the life span.
Sample Item:
According to Erik Erikson's theory of human development, which of the following is the
primary psychosocial task for children between the ages of 6 and 12?
- establishing a sense of identity
- trusting that adults will meet their basic needs
- controlling their own behavior
- gaining a sense of competence and accomplishment
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
D. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of various
theories of development from early childhood through young adulthood. Erik Erikson viewed psychosocial
development as a sequence of stages, each characterized by specific goals, concerns, and accomplishments.
According to Erikson, for children between the ages of 6 and 12, the major psychosocial task is to
resolve the conflict between industry versus inferiority. Children do this by becoming competent in
a variety of tasks through their own efforts and persistence.
Descriptive Statements:
- Demonstrate knowledge of theories of learning, the instructional implications of students' varied learning modalities, and the characteristics of different types of learning environments.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the effects of culture, language, and family on students' development and learning.
- Recognize sources of stress or anxiety that affect the learning of children and young adults.
- Recognize factors that may affect academic, personal/social, and career development.
- Recognize the relationship of academic development and performance to family, work, and community.
Sample Item:
A child's cultural background is likely to have the greatest influence on the child's:
- rate of cognitive development.
- perceptions about self and others.
- desire for acceptance by peers.
- ability to learn through observation.
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
B. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the
effects of culture on students' development and learning. Although culture has a pervasive
influence on many aspects of development, some traits are considered to be largely universal.
Of the response options provided, only an individual's perceptions about self and others is generally
acknowledged to be shaped in substantial ways by interactions characteristic of the specific culture
within which one is raised.
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